编pg电玩官方下载译|未玖Nature, 6 March 2025, Volume 639, Issue 8053《天然》2025年3月6日，第639卷，8053期地理学AstronomyReal-time inference for binary neutron star mergers using machine learning应用呆板进修对双中子星兼并停止及时推论▲ 作者：Maximilian Dax, Stephen R. Green, Jonathan Gair, Nihar Gupte, Michael Pürrer, Vivien Raymond, et al.▲链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08593-z▲择要：双中子星的兼并会同时发射引力波（GW）跟电磁波谱旌旗灯号。家喻户晓，2017年对GW170817的多信使观察招致了宇宙学、核物理学跟引力范畴的迷信发明。这些成果的中心是从GW数据（如GW170817）中取得的天空定位跟间隔，这有助于辨认GW旌旗灯号收回后11小时的相干电磁瞬变，即AT 2017gfo。疾速剖析GW数据对领导时光敏感的电磁观察至关主要。但是，因为旌旗灯号长度跟庞杂性带来的挑衅，平日须要做出就义精度的近似值。研讨组提出了一个呆板进修框架，能够在短短1秒内履行完全的双中子星推理，而无需引入近似假设。该方式经由过程供给以下上风来加强多信使观察：（1）即便在兼并之前也能准确定位；（2）与近似低耽误方式比拟，定位精度进步30%阁下；（3）具体的光度间隔、倾角跟品质信息，可用来优先斟酌昂贵的千里镜时光。别的，该方式的机动性跟下降的本钱为状况方程研讨开拓了新的机遇。最后，研讨组证实了该方式可扩大到长达一小时的长旌旗灯号，从而为下一代空中跟空基探测器数据剖析供给了蓝图。▲ Abstract：Mergers of binary neutron stars emit signals in both the gravitational-wave (GW) and electromagnetic spectra. Famously, the 2017 multi-messenger observation of GW170817 led to scientific discoveries across cosmology, nuclear physics and gravity. Central to these results were the sky localization and distance obtained from the GW data, which, in the case of GW170817, helped to identify the associated electromagnetic transient, AT 2017gfo, 11 h after the GW signal. Fast analysis of GW data is critical for directing time-sensitive electromagnetic observations. However, owing to challenges arising from the length and complexity of signals, it is often necessary to make approximations that sacrifice accuracy. Here we present a machine-learning framework that performs complete binary neutron star inference in just 1 s without making any such approximations. Our approach enhances multi-messenger observations by providing: (1) accurate localization even before the merger; (2) improved localization precision by around 30% compared to approximate low-latency methods; and (3) detailed information on luminosity distance, inclination and masses, which can be used to prioritize expensive telescope time. Additionally, the flexibility and reduced cost of our method open new opportunities for equation-of-state studies. Finally, we demonstrate that our method scales to long signals, up to an hour in length, thus serving as a blueprint for data analysis for next-generation ground- and space-based detectors.物理学PhysicsOrbital hybridization in graphene-based artificial atoms石墨烯基天然原子的轨道杂化▲ 作者：Yue Mao, Hui-Ying Ren, Xiao-Feng Zhou, Hao Sheng, Yun-Hao Xiao, Yu-Chen Zhuang, et al.▲链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08620-z▲择要：原子外部轨道杂化跟原子间键的构成是实在原子凝集构成物资的两个基础进程。天然原子经由过程展现可归因于量子束缚的团圆能级来模仿实在原子。因而，天然原子为模仿原子内轨道杂化跟原子间键构成供给了一种固态模仿。人们在种种天然原子中普遍察看到原子间键构成的特点。但是，天然原子华夏子内轨道杂化的直接证据仍有待试验证实。研讨组经由过程转变天然原子的外形来实现天然原子的轨道杂化。束缚势的各向异性惹起了天然原子内差别轨道量子数的准约束态之间的杂化。在该试验中，这些杂化轨道在实在空间中直接可视化，并经由过程数值盘算跟剖析推导失掉了很好的再现。该研讨为计划无奈经由过程试验在实在原子上取得的天然物资开拓了一条道路。别的，所得成果启示了对差别体系中量子态的渐进把持。▲ Abstract：Intra-atomic orbital hybridization and interatomic bond formation are the two fundamental processes when real atoms are condensed to form matter. Artificial atoms mimic real atoms by demonstrating discrete energy levels attributable to quantum confinement. As such, they offer a solid-state analogue for simulating intra-atomic orbital hybridization and interatomic bond formation. Signatures of interatomic bond formation have been extensively observed in various artificial atoms. However, direct evidence of the intra-atomic orbital hybridization in the artificial atoms remains to be experimentally demonstrated. Here we realize the orbital hybridization in artificial atoms by altering the shape of the artificial atoms. The anisotropy of the confining potential gives rise to the hybridization between quasibound states with different orbital quantum numbers within the artificial atom. These hybridized orbits are directly visualized in real space in our experiment and are well reproduced by both numerical calculations and analytical derivations. Our study opens an avenue for designing artificial matter that cannot be accessed on real atoms through experiments. Moreover, the results obtained inspire the progressive control of quantum states in diverse systems.Interplay of geometrical and spin chiralities in 3D twisted magnetic ribbons三维歪曲磁性带中多少何手性跟自旋手性的彼此感化▲ 作者：André M. A. Farinha, See-Hun Yang, Jiho Yoon, Banabir Pal Stuart S. P. Parkin皇冠真人官方网站▲链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08582-8▲择要：手性是天然界中广泛存在的基础错误称性。比年来，手性物体与自旋电流的彼此感化惹起了迷信跟技巧范畴的极年夜存眷。特殊令人感兴致的是手性拓扑激起的电流驱动活动，比方手性三维磁性构造中的手性磁畴壁，可实现高密度存储装备。研讨组应用开始进的多光子光刻技巧来创立三维手性磁性带，并停止手性畴壁的电流感到活动。这些带子被计划成存在可变幅度的顺时针或逆时针手性歪曲。成果发明畴壁能够穿过带子或碰壁，这取决于其手性跟构型以及带子的多少何手性歪曲。磁交流能量跟多少何歪曲之间的彼此感化发生了一个有利于手性布洛赫型壁的改变场，而不是由磁性带自身的固有磁性所支撑的奈尔型壁。别的，自旋手性跟手性歪曲的彼此感化招致了非互易畴壁活动，即畴壁滤波器或二极管。该发明标明多少何手性跟自旋手性之间的彼此感化可发生新的物理效应，从而实现翻新的手性自旋电子学。▲ Abstract：Chirality is a ubiquitous and fundamental asymmetry in nature. Recently, the interaction of chiral objects with spin currents has attracted enormous attention from both scientific and technological perspectives. Of particular interest is the current-driven motion of chiral topological excitations such as chiral magnetic domain walls in chiral three-dimensional magnetic structures that could allow for high-density memory-storage devices. Here we use state-of-the-art multiphoton lithography to create three-dimensional chiral magnetic ribbons and perform current-induced motion of chiral domain walls. The ribbons are designed to have a clockwise or anticlockwise chiral twist with a variable magnitude. We find that domain walls can either pass through the ribbon or are impeded, depending on their chirality and configuration and the geometrical chiral twist of the ribbon. The interplay between the magnetic exchange energy and the geometrical twist generates a torsional field that favours chiral Bloch-type walls rather than the Néel-type wall favoured by the intrinsic magnetic properties of the magnetic ribbon itself. Furthermore, the interplay of spin chirality and chiral twist results in a non-reciprocal domain wall motion, namely, a domain wall filter or diode. Our findings show how the interplay between geometrical and spin chiralities can lead to new functionalities that could allow for innovative chiral spintronics.资料迷信Materials ScienceSteering perovskite precursor solutions for multijunction photovoltaics调控钙钛矿先驱体溶液制备多结光伏电池▲ 作者：Shuaifeng Hu, Junke Wang, Pei Zhao, Jorge Pascual, Jianan Wang, Florine Rombach, et al.▲链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08546-y▲择要：多结光伏电池（PV）因其超出单结电池辐射极限功率转换效力（PCE）的优胜才能而日益凸起，为此改良窄带隙（NBG）锡铅钙钛矿对薄膜器件至关主要。研讨组重点剖析了锡铅钙钛矿先驱体溶液的化学性子，发明Sn（II）物种主导了与先驱体跟增加剂的彼此感化，提醒了羧酸在调理溶液胶体性子跟薄膜结晶方面的奇特感化，以及铵在改良薄膜光电机能方面的奇特感化。联合这两种官能团（氨基酸盐）的资料年夜年夜进步了钙钛矿薄膜的半导体品质跟平均性，超越了单个官能团作为独自分子的一局部引入时的后果。研讨组的加强锡铅钙钛矿层实现了制作PCE分辨为23.9%、29.7%（认证为29.26%）跟28.7%的单结、双结跟三结器件的太阳能电池。该1 cm2三结器件的PCE为28.4%（认证为27.28%）。封装的三结电池在尺度测试前提下停止最年夜功率点跟踪（MPPT）860小时后仍坚持80%的初始效力。研讨组进一步制备了四结器件，取得了27.9%的PCE，最高开路电压为4.94 V。这项任务为多结PV树立了一个新基准。▲ Abstract：Multijunction photovoltaics (PVs) are gaining prominence owing to their superior capability of achieving power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) beyond the radiative limit of single-junction cells, for which improving narrow-bandgap (NBG) tin–lead perovskites is critical for thin-film devices. Here, with a focus on understanding the chemistry of tin–lead perovskite precursor solutions, we find that Sn(II) species dominate interactions with precursors and additives and uncover the exclusive role of carboxylic acid in regulating solution colloidal properties and film crystallization and ammonium in improving film optoelectronic properties. Materials that combine these two functional groups, amino acid salts, considerably improve the semiconducting quality and homogeneity of perovskite films, surpassing the effect of the individual functional groups when introduced as part of separate molecules. Our enhanced tin–lead perovskite layer allows us to fabricate solar cells with PCEs of 23.9%, 29.7% (certified 29.26%) and 28.7% for single-junction, double-junction and triple-junction devices, respectively. Our 1-cm2triple-junction devices show PCEs of 28.4% (certified 27.28%). Encapsulated triple-junction cells maintain 80% of their initial efficiencies after 860 h maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in ambient. We further fabricate quadruple-junction devices and obtain PCEs of 27.9% with the highest open-circuit voltage of 4.94 V. This work establishes a new benchmark for multijunction PVs.机器工程Mechanical EngineeringAchieving kilowatt-scale elastocaloric cooling by a multi-cell architecture多单位构造助力千瓦级弹性热冷却▲ 作者：Guoan Zhou, Lingyun Zhang, Zexi Li, Peng Hua, Qingping Sun Shuhuai Yao▲链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08549-9▲择要：应用外形影象合金（SMA）的弹性热冷却作为一种环保、节能的传统蒸汽紧缩制冷替换计划，惹起了人们极年夜的兴致。但是，现有装备的无限冷却功率（≤300W）妨碍了该技巧的贸易化。研讨组应用薄壁紧缩管状镍钛在“SMA串联—流体并联”架构中构建了一个千瓦级的弹性热冷却安装，称为多单位架构。在高频操纵（3.5 Hz）下，薄壁管状镍钛存在较年夜的比名义积，并辅以石墨烯纳米365bet体育流体作为高效传热剂，从而实现了12.3 W g?1的年夜比冷却功率。别的，多单位构造确保了充足的弹性热品质，以实现严密组装，同时坚持较低的体系流体压力。在最初的50万次轮回中，该装备在零温差下实现了1284W的冷却功率，展现了这种绿色冷却技巧在脱碳将来的潜力。▲ Abstract：Elastocaloric cooling using shape memory alloys (SMAs) has attracted considerable interest as an environmentally friendly, energy-efficient alternative to conventional vapour-compression refrigeration. However, the limited cooling power of existing devices (≤300 W) hampers the commercialization of this technology. Here we constructed a kilowatt-scale elastocaloric cooling device using compressive tubular NiTi in an ‘SMAs in series–fluid in parallel’ architecture, referred to as the multi-cell architecture. A large specific cooling power of 12.3 W g?1was achieved by the large surface-area-to-volume ratio of thin-walled tubular NiTi at high-frequency operation (3.5 Hz), complemented by graphene nanofluid as an efficient heat transfer agent. Furthermore, the multi-cell architecture ensures a sufficient elastocaloric mass for tight assembly while maintaining a low system fluid pressure. Our device achieves a cooling power of 1,284 W on the fluid side at zero temperature lift during the initial 500,000 cycles, demonstrating the potential of this green cooling technology for a decarbonized future.地球迷信Earth ScienceGlacial isostatic adjustment reveals Mars’s interior viscosity structure冰川平衡调剂提醒了火星外部的粘度构造▲ 作者：A. Broquet, A.-C. Plesa, V. Klemann, B. C. Root, A. Genova, M. A. Wieczorek, et al.▲链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08565-9▲择要：研讨冰川平衡调剂始终是提醒地球外部粘度构造的尺度方式，但因为缺少观察数据，这种方式很少利用于其余行星。火星的北极冰盖是独一一个无数百万年汗青的地表特点，可在火星上惹起可丈量的地表变形，从而为其现在的外部粘度构造供给线索。研讨组采取热演变模子、粘弹性变形盘算跟雷达观察相联合的方式研讨了该冰盖的定位进程。成果标明，北部地域的沉降活动连续停止，而且能够经由过程剖析时变重力场跟美国宇航局的洞察号地动矩率来束缚。只有现今高粘度（深度年夜于500千米时为2~6×1022Pa s）、喷射性成因元素的激烈地幔耗竭（超越90%）跟厚均匀地壳（厚度年夜于40千米）的形式与雷达观察到的北极冰盖下可疏忽的变形分歧。北部岩石圈的变形速率必需小于0.13 mm /年，地动能量开释效力必需小于0.3，才干分辨满意重力跟地动束缚。该模子标明，北极冰盖构成于从前的170~1200万年，冰川平衡调剂可能会遭到将来火星重力规复义务的进一步束缚。▲ Abstract：Investigating glacial isostatic adjustment has been the standard method to decipher Earth’s interior viscosity structure, but such an approach has been rarely applied to other planets because of a lack of observational data. The north polar cap of Mars is the only millions-of-years-old surface feature that can induce measurable surface deformation on this planet, thereby holding clues to its present-day internal viscosity structure. Here we investigate the emplacement of this ice cap by combining thermal evolution models, viscoelastic deformation calculations and radar observations. We show that downward motion of the northern regions is ongoing and can be constrained by analyses of the time-variable gravity field and NASA’s InSight seismic moment rate. Only models with present-day high viscosities (2–6 ×1022Pa s for depths greater than 500 km), strong mantle depletion in radiogenic elements (more than 90%) and thick average crusts (thicker than 40 km) are consistent with the negligible flexure beneath the polar cap seen by radars. The northern lithosphere must deform at less than 0.13 mm per year and have a seismic efficiency less than 0.3 to satisfy gravity and seismic constraints, respectively. Our models show that the north polar cap formed over the last 1.7–12.0 Myr and that glacial isostatic adjustment can be further constrained by future gravity recovery missions to Mars.